However, the newcomers faced problems from allegedly corrupted provincial commanders and a series of hardships. Marcus Aurelius sent his co-emperor Lucius Verus to command the legions in the East. His continuous control as consul and censor throughout his rule—the former his father shared in much the same way as his Julio-Claudian forerunners, the latter presented difficulty even to obtain—were unheard of. He ordered people to be secretly killed, and then called them to his palace. With the retirement of Diocletian and Maximian, this harmony disappeared. He is considered to have become a figurehead while Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan jointly acted as the power behind the throne. These events showed that a military power alone could create an emperor. Victories by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus over the next two years drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire. The eighteen-year-old Emperor Elagabalus and his mother were both taken from the palace, dragged through the streets, murdered and thrown in the river Tiber by the Praetorian Guard, who then proclaimed Alexander Severus as augustus. Thus the Empire was, in a sense, a union of inchoate principalities, which could have disintegrated at any time.[31]. Macrinus was born in 164 at Caesarea. The degree of the Senate's subservience can be seen from the post-dating of his accession to power, by the Senate, to July 1, when his troops proclaimed him emperor, instead of December 21, when the Senate confirmed his appointment. J.-C., les citoyens romains rejettent la monarchie, chassent le roi et instaurent la République romaine qui s’étendra de l’an 509 av. Theodosius II reigned for more than forty years. The Illyrian tribes revolted and had to be crushed, and three full legions under the command of Publius Quinctilius Varus were ambushed and destroyed at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9 by Germanic tribes led by Arminius. Zeno told Odoacer and the Roman Senate to take Nepos back, but Nepos never returned from Dalmatia, even though Odoacer issued coins in his name. The rivers Rhine and Danube became the permanent borders of the Roman empire in the North. He was acclaimed augustus on September 28 and soon extended his control to both Thrace and Bithynia. Reigning alone, Caracalla was noted for lavish bribes to the legionaries and unprecedented cruelty, authorizing numerous assassinations of perceived enemies and rivals. During his rule, Nero focused much of his attention on diplomacy, trade, and increasing the cultural capital of the empire. Diocletian separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and reorganized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire. [37] The earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century AD and appear to have come by way of the Silk Road through Central Asia. He surrendered Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia, considering them to be indefensible. By his second wife, Galla, the daughter of Valentinian the Great, he had a daughter, Galla Placidia; his son Gratian did not survive infancy. According to Suetonius, Caligula once planned to appoint his favourite horse Incitatus to the Roman Senate. Born Varius Avitus Bassianus on 16 May 205, known later as M. Aurelius Antonius, he was appointed at an early age to be priest of the sun god, Elagabalus, represented by a large, dark rock called a baetyl, by which name he is known to historians (his name is sometimes written "Heliogabalus"). Ce document a été mis à jour le 17/10/2008 By 258, the Roman Empire broke up into three competing states. Theodosius was left a widower in 385, following the sudden death of Aelia Flaccilla, his augusta and the mother of Arcadius and Honorius. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. [47] On 28 March 193, Pertinax was at his palace when a contingent of some three hundred soldiers of the Praetorian Guard rushed the gates[48] (two hundred according to Cassius Dio). Diocletian saw that the vast Roman Empire was ungovernable by a single emperor in the face of internal pressures and military threats on two fronts. It is possible that an alleged Roman embassy from "Daqin" that arrived in Eastern Han China in 166 via a Roman maritime route into the South China Sea, landing at Jiaozhou (northern Vietnam) and bearing gifts for the Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168), was sent by Marcus Aurelius, or his predecessor Antoninus Pius (the confusion stems from the transliteration of their names as "Andun", Chinese: 安敦). [citation needed], Upon his accession, Julianus immediately devalued the Roman currency by decreasing the silver purity of the denarius from 87% to 81.5%. The dictatorship, a military office in the early Republic typically lasting only for the six-month military campaigning season, had been resurrected first by Sulla in the late 80s BC and then by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s; the title dictator was never again used. Although effective while he ruled, Diocletian's tetrarchic system collapsed after his abdication under the competing dynastic claims of Maxentius and Constantine, sons of Maximian and Constantius respectively. Vitellius was murdered by his own troops and, the next day, Vespasian, then sixty years old, was confirmed as emperor by the Senate. He ordered the building of theatres and promoted athletic games. 12 avril 2020. Galerius became caesar for Diocletian and Constantius Chlorus caesar for Maximian. The two armies approached each other near Adrianople. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire and, two years later in 260, the eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine and Aegyptus became independent as the Palmyrene Empire, leaving the remaining Italian-centered Roman Empire-proper in the middle. There was almost a war with Vologases III of Parthia around 121, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace. Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by an emperor (the Tetrarchy). This victory was significant as the turning point of the crisis, when a series of tough, energetic soldier-emperors took power. One of Plautianus's successors was the jurist Papinian. Durant les 150 années suivantes, les Romainsagrandissent enco… In 101, Trajan personally crossed the Danube and defeated the armies of the Dacian king Decebalus at the Battle of Tapae. The situation of the Roman Empire became dire in AD 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by his own troops. The role of choosing a new Augustus fell again to army officers. The army had been left leaderless twice in less than a year, and the officers demanded Valentinian choose a co-ruler. In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the emperor Commodus in AD 180 marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron"[9]—a famous comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. p. 12. Whatever the case, he was greatly mourned and missed. However, the eastern emperor Theodosius refused to recognise Eugenius as emperor and invaded the West, defeating and killing Arbogast and Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus. -753 à -716 : Règne de Romulus. Severus was killed under command of Maxentius on September 16, 307. Three days later, Macrinus was declared augustus. He instead placed similar restrictions on Christianity, and some unofficial violence against Christians occurred. During the first few years, the Alps would serve as the borders between the respective territories of the two rival western Roman emperors. Order was eventually restored by the victories of Constantine, who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity, and who founded Constantinople as a new capital for the empire after defeating his co-emperor Licinius. In 116, he captured the great city of Susa. His eventual defeat and suicide left Constantius as sole emperor until the nomination of his cousin Constantius Gallus as his caesar and co-emperor. Héraclius s'épuise à repousser les Bulgares et les Perses. He had been raised by the Gothic slave Mardonius, a great admirer of ancient Greek philosophy and literature. [50] Although advised to flee, he then attempted to reason with them, and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers. The transition to divided western and eastern halves of the empire was gradual. After 395, the emperors in the western empire were usually figureheads, while the actual rulers were military strongmen who took the title of magister militum, patrician or both—Stilicho from 395 to 408, Constantius from about 411 to 421, Aëtius from 433 to 454 and Ricimer from about 457 to 472. Veteran soldiers and valuable administrators were among the heavy casualties. The triumvirate ended in 32 BC, torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members: Lepidus was forced into exile and Antony, who had allied himself with his lover Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, committed suicide in 30 BC following his defeat at the Battle of Actium (31 BC) by the fleet of Octavian. His reign included the Roman–Parthian War (a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire (58–63)), the suppression of a revolt led by Boudica in Britannia (60–61) and the improvement of cultural ties with Greece. [57] When news of the public anger in Rome spread across the Empire, the generals Pescennius Niger in Syria, Septimius Severus in Pannonia, and Clodius Albinus in Britain, each having three legions under his command, refused to recognize the authority of Julianus. His reign was also notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to nearly all freemen throughout the Roman Empire. Following Gratian's death, Maximus had to deal with Valentinian II, at the time only twelve years old, as the senior augustus. On the death of Theodosius II, the military officer Marcian was acclaimed Valentinian III's co-augustus and married the late emperor's elder sister, the augusta Pulcheria. [75][11] The end of the late Empire is usually marked in the west with the collapse of the western empire in AD 476, while in the east its end is disputed, as either occurring at the close of the reign of Justinian I (AD 565)[76] or of Heraclius (AD 641). Meanwhile, Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius were joined by a fourth augustus. Having executed his eldest son and caesar Crispus in 326, Constantine also elevated his son Constans to caesar in 333, as well as appointing his relatives Dalmatius and Hannibalianus to caesar and King of Kings respectively. His reign would see the ending of restrictions and violence against paganism introduced by his uncle and father-in-law Constantine I and his cousins and brothers-in-law Constantine II, Constans and Constantius II. Augustus was a scion of the gens Julia (the Julian family), one of the most ancient patrician clans of Rome, while Tiberius was a scion of the gens Claudia, only slightly less ancient than the Julians. Zeno granted Odoacer the title patrician. J.-C., la République romaine est devenue l'Empire romain. Being cautious, Augustus secured all territories west of Rhine and contented himself with retaliatory raids. Maximus soon entered negotiations with Valentinian II and Theodosius, attempting to gain their official recognition. These continuing problems would be radically addressed by Diocletian, allowing the Empire to continue to survive in the West for over a century and in the East for over a millennium. This led to his murder in 96, orchestrated by his enemies in the Senate, Stephanus (the steward of the deceased Julia Flavia), members of the Praetorian Guard and the empress Domitia Longina. © 2018 Histoire à la carte | Mentions légales | cgu | rgpd Nevertheless, as generous and magnanimous as his father was, Commodus was just the opposite. Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the "Five Good Emperors": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and the philosophically inclined Marcus Aurelius. By 384, negotiations were unfruitful and Maximus tried to press the matter by settling succession as only a legitimate emperor could do: proclaiming his own infant son Flavius Victor an augustus. In addition, he allotted sizeable subsidies to the arts, and created a chair of rhetoric at Rome. Also, to reduce further the chances of another military coup, he broke up the legions and, instead of placing them in singular concentrations, spread them along the border. The magister militum Arbogast was sent to Trier with orders to also kill Flavius Victor. En effet, en quelques siècles, Rome contrôle tout le pourtour de la mer Méditerranée et cette conquête s'est faite par la négociation ou par l'usage de la force. Facing execution at the hands of the Roman Senate, he reportedly committed suicide in 68. Contemporary historians have treated him as a controversial figure. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic, but was then ruled by Roman emperors beginning with Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD), becoming the Roman Empire following the death of the last republican dictator, the first emperor's adoptive father Julius Caesar. The Roman state would continue to have two different emperors with different seats of power throughout the 5th century, though the Eastern Romans considered themselves to be the only ones who were fully Roman. He then requested water and, shortly after drinking it, died. D'ailleurs, l'événement n'a guère eu de répercussion parmi les contemporains, sauf en Italie. Alexander Severus was adopted as son and caesar by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin, the emperor Elagabalus at the urging of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa — who was grandmother of both cousins and who had arranged for the emperor's acclamation by the Third Legion. After several attempts to kill her, he finally had her stabbed to death. At this point he was "hoist by his own petard": the emperor's paranoia, which he had so ably exploited for his own gain, turned against him. The empire was parted again among his three surviving sons. [53][54][55] Whenever Julianus appeared in public he was saluted with groans, imprecations, and shouts of "robber and parricide. [16], Octavian, the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, had made himself a central military figure during the chaotic period following Caesar's assassination. He used that power to expel dissident senators. J.-C. est le seul maître de Rome. The internal tensions within the Roman government were less acute than they had been. His prosecution of the war against a German invasion of Gaul led to his overthrow by the troops he was leading, whose regard the twenty-seven-year-old had lost during the campaign. Odoacer and his men captured and executed Orestes; weeks later they captured Ravenna and deposed Orestes' usurper son, Romulus Augustus. His paternal grandparents were Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, and his maternal grandparents were Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. In the years following the emperor's death, generals of the Roman army fought each other for control of the Empire and neglected their duties in preventing invasions. Eventually it reached the point where even his closest advisers and family members lived in fear. The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453. Yü, Ying-shih. At the time of Tiberius's death most of the people who might have succeeded him had been killed. [36] Other Roman embassies of the 3rd century supposedly visited China by sailing along the same maritime route. His stepson Tiberius had conquered Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania for the Empire, and was thus a prime candidate. Additionally, in 251, the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox) broke out, causing large-scale mortality which may have seriously affected the ability of the Empire to defend itself. To do this, he not only increased taxes, but created new forms of taxation. Casperius Aelianus, the Guard Prefect responsible for the mutiny against Nerva, was later executed under Trajan. No tribune of Rome ever had these powers, and there was no precedent within the Roman system for consolidating the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of Censor. [19] Senators were prohibited from so much as visiting Roman Egypt, given its great wealth and history as a base of power for opposition to the new emperor. Rome est prise par les Wisigoths 412-414 « foedus » → peuple fédéré Ils s'engagent a défendre l'empire romain en contrepartie d'argent Les vandales 407 traversent l'empire The running of the Empire during this time was mainly left to his grandmother and mother (Julia Soaemias). [51] The Praetorian Guards auctioned off the imperial position, which Senator Didius Julianus won and became the new emperor. Chronologie de l’empire romain depuis son avènement en -23 avec Auguste inaugurant le règne des Julio-Claudiens, suivit des Flaviens, des Antonins de la Pax Romana et des Sévères qui se termine en 235 par le début de l’anarchie militaire. It is said that Cassius had revolted as he had heard word that Marcus was dead.

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